Wk#05 (2/13-2/17)

Chinese 309 |  Phoenix Claws and Lion’s Head: Food and Chinese Culture
三年中文: 中國的飲食文化

課程題目與目標 Lesson Topic & Goals:
題目 #2: 传统饮食文化 – 菜谱,选材,食物的冷热性,中医食疗与民间关于吃的禁忌

学习目标:
1.  进一步来了解中国菜烹饪选材和食材五品的观念。
2.  知道中国民间传统和习俗中关于吃的禁忌。
3.  学习中医对食物的分类与「温、热、凉、寒」四气。

閱讀資料:
《中國菜簡介PowerPoint》, https://chinese4u.edublogs.org/files/2012/01/Chinese_Food-1ro169m.ppt.
《吃的禁忌》, 來源:http://chinaabc.showchina.org/rwzgxl/zgys/200703/t109036.htm
《中国民间关于吃的禁忌》, 來源:http://www.chinese.cn. 21:20, August 29, 2009, http://www.chinese.cn/food/en/article/2009-08/29/content_23534.htm.
《溫熱涼寒-談食物的四氣》,   林仲醫師, http://ades.tmu.edu.tw/english/qna/faq/fourchi.htm.
《药膳中常见的几种药材》Chinese herbal medicine in herbal cuisine,  http://tcm.chinese.cn/cards/ys/article/.

每周個人功課 (Due next Wednesday 2/22 before class on Week #6 – turn in a hard copy )
1. 根据第五/六周阅读资料和文章,写出一段大意包括三个重点 (250字) – 手写或打字都可以。
2. 列出20个重要生词,加注拼音和英文。
3. 选择6个句型点或语法点,造句。可用加线红字的词组或自己选择。

Group Assignment for Week #5  (請坐在一起):
小組1.   Ada (美芳) | Alexi (偉誠) | Monica (曼寧)
小組2.  Brandon (耀桐) | Bo Turek (元博)
小組3.  Maxwell (敏偉) | Taylor (玉蓮) | Hunter Bennett (青泓)
小組4.  Lev (南樂) | Travis S (傳文) | Yvonne (靜儀)
小組5.  Travis T. (福臨) | Emily (郁君) |  Amanda Nicol (曼迪)
小組6.  Belinda (慧婷) | Phillip (春暉)

Topic #1 Voicethread Intro writing progress:
Completed (as of 2/12): 春暉, 敏偉 – can start Voicethread recording
In-Progress – already posted parts of intro text (as of 2/12): 慧婷, 靜儀, 曼迪, 美芳, 耀桐, 偉誠, 郁君, 南樂, 玉蓮
Still needs to post re-write or first-time intro text (as of 2/12): 青泓, 傳文, 福臨

星期一課堂題目及活動(Monday 2/13):_________________________________________________
1. (P检讨Topic #1 简介写作进度和Voicethread 图片文字录音的制作
2. 分组讨论:
《中國菜簡介PowerPoint》, https://chinese4u.edublogs.org/files/2012/01/Chinese_Food-1ro169m.ppt
3. 功课: (星期三上课前做好)
a. 做Topic#简介和Voicethread
b. 阅读 (set phrases, key words and patterns are underlined in red): “中国人的哲学传统讲究天人合一”,这种文化理反映饮食方面,就是食者与食物的和谐相处、共生共长,于是在中国人的日常饮食中就有了许多禁忌,比如食物的搭配、时令或日常饮食禁忌以及发物和忌口等问题。这些禁忌有的是世代相传经验之谈,有的是现代人总结出来的科学理论总之,吃的问题还真不那么简单。(Take notes: English translation; vocabulary list;key patterns)

星期三課堂題目及活動(Wednesday  2/15):_______________________________________________
1.  檢討閱讀功課:
“中国人的哲学传统讲究“天人合一”,这种文化理反映在饮食方面,就是食者与食物的和谐相处、共生共长,于是在中国人的日常饮食中就有了许多禁忌,比如食物的搭配、时令或日常饮食禁忌以及发物和忌口等问题。这些禁忌有的是世代相传的经验之谈,有的是现代人总结出来的科学理论。总之,吃的问题还真不那么简单。(Take notes: English translation; vocabulary list;key patterns – )
2. 分组阅读:

5.1  中国人吃饭讲究食物搭配,吃饺子要醋,煎饼卷大葱要蘸酱,吃油条喝豆浆,吃面条离不开“菜码儿”。一桌家常菜必定有荤有素,这叫荤素搭配、阴阳平衡
5.2  此外,还讲究主副食搭配,比如大米配牛肉,牛肉味甘而平,稻米味苦而温,两者甘苦相成,是很好的主副食搭配。
5.3  此外,羊肉与黄米、猪肉与谷子、鸟禽与面食,也都适合搭配。与此相对,有一些性味不合的食物,如果搭配起来,就会惹麻烦损害健康
5.4  民间至今认为,冬春两季吃韭菜可以“暖腰膝”,而夏天食之则“令人目昏”;还有辣椒,江西人喜欢夏天吃新鲜辣椒,冬天吃干辣椒,到了秋天一般就什么辣椒也不吃了。
5.5   比如,螃蟹和柿子、芥菜和兔肉不能共食,等等,这些都属于食物搭配的禁忌。
5.6  很多人有这样的经历,吃过酒宴后,不仅不感到畅快,相反莫名其妙地难受,甚至病倒。这大概是因为吃得太多太杂,或是因吃了性味相左的食物。

分組翻譯成英文: (Group assignment – to be posted online under Week #5 Comments before Friday’s class.)

星期五課堂題目及活動(Friday 2/17):___________________________________________________

1. Review Topic #1 Voicethread submission. Post your Voicethread link under comments and also drag it to GROUP 309.
2. Review Group Assignment – translation.
3. 功课: (下星期一上课前做好) – 錄音 – 談談食物的禁忌

都有哪些食物不可以一起吃 (时间:2011-10-25 06:40来源:健康生活号)
如今生活水平提高了,餐桌更丰盛了,人们的健康知识也应该丰富起来健康饮食的小编就来考考你,你知道都有哪些食物不可以一起吃吗?如果你答不上来的话,就让我来告诉你吧。下面的这些食物,就不宜在两个小时以内同时吃。

哪些食物不可以一起吃:
鸡蛋+糖精=易中毒;
豆腐+蜂蜜=有损听力;
萝卜+木耳=得皮炎;
猪肉+菱角=肚子痛;
牛肉+栗子=易呕吐;
螃蟹+柿子=面部生斑;
鸡肉+芹菜=伤元气;
洋葱+蜂蜜=伤眼睛;
鹅肉+鸡蛋=伤元气;
白酒+柿子=心口闷;
白酒+红薯=患结石。

Wk#06 (next week) 阅读:
6.1 中国民间关于吃的禁忌,具有明显的时令特点,即饮食要根据季节的变化而变化。同是一种食物,某个时令最适合食用,但另外的时令就不适宜了,这就是“时令食忌”。民间至今认为,冬春两季吃韭菜可以“暖腰膝”,而夏天食之则“令人目昏”;还有辣椒,江西人喜欢夏天吃新鲜辣椒,冬天吃干辣椒,到了秋天一般就什么辣椒也不吃了。
6.2 在日常饮食中,中国人也总结了许多吃的禁忌,比如早餐不宜全吃干食或只吃鸡蛋;吃饭时不要吸烟,不要边吃饭边看电视,更不要吃饭时生气;饭前饭后忌饮水或吃冷饮;饭后不宜喝浓茶,也不要马上吃水果;长时间用嗓后不宜马上喝冷饮;旅游乘车前不宜吃得过饱;运动后不宜多吃糖,等等。
6.3 对于日常饮食禁忌,有的人不是很在意,不过一旦身体有了毛病,或者妇女在特殊时期,比如孕期和产后,饮食上的禁忌就必须要严格遵守了。俗话说“三分治疗,七分养护”,如果不了解“发物”和不重视“忌口”,饮食不当,很有可能产生不良反应,甚至加重病情。
6.4 所谓“发物”,是指能诱发疾病的食物,发物的范围很广,如鸡头、猪头、海鲜、鱼类、牛羊肉以及各类调味品。传统中医对病人的食禁颇多,病症不同,体质不同,“忌口”也不同:如果身体虚寒,四肢发冷,西瓜、香蕉、梨等凉性食物就不宜食用;如果发热口渴,失眠心烦,最好不要吃生姜、胡椒、白酒;哮喘病发作时,蛋、牛奶、鱼虾等高蛋白食物就应当“忌口”;感冒后,不宜进食冷饮冷食、油腻粘滞和刺激性食物;服用补药时,应少喝茶、少吃萝卜,否则会降低补药的功效,等等。
6.5 至于用来提味的葱、蒜,本来是中国人炒菜常用的调味品,尤其是北方人还喜欢吃生葱、蒜。但是,葱蒜也属于“发物”,不仅一些病人不宜吃,正在“上火”的人也不能吃。尤其是老年人,吃多了葱蒜,眼睛会发干,影响视力。
6.6 孕妇的饮食,很注重全面营养,不偏食,少吃或不吃辛、热、温燥及油腻不易消化的食物;产后一般用鲫鱼、猪蹄、鸡蛋等“发物”来催出奶水,但是在刚生下小孩的三四天内,则吃素,认为吃荤,尤其是鲤鱼、鲫鱼等发物,不利于产妇伤口的愈合。不过,又有吃乌鱼以暖身补气的习俗,说是对伤口的愈合大有好处。

溫熱涼寒-談食物的四氣 古人很早就有用食物來防治病的觀念,遠在戰國的名醫扁鵲就曾說過:「為醫者,當洞察病源,知其所犯,以食治之,食療不愈,然後用藥。」 這種食療,藥療並重,甚至先食療後醫療的思想,對後世的中國人影響很大。中醫治病時很注重病人所吃的食物,「藥食同源」的說法,認為食物與中藥都具有相同的性與特性,跟治病有密切的關聯。另外中尚有「醫食同源」的說法,認為有醫療的時候就有食療了。這兩種說法都很有道理,因為很多常用的治療疾病的中藥就是日常食用的食物。事實上食療早已成為中國文化的一部分,也是中醫的基礎理論之一。

25 thoughts on “Wk#05 (2/13-2/17)

  1. 一家人常一起吃飯會 not 保進should be cu4jin4= 促進 家庭和諧。
    傳統的中國家庭都是女主人煮飯的。可是到現在這個時代,男女平等,男士們也能做飯。
    美式中國飯館所用的材料可能用一樣的肉和菜,但是缺乏傳統中國菜的調味料和藥材。

  2. Chinese traditional philosophy pays particular attention to “the oneness of heaven and humanity.” This cultural belief is reflected in the aspect of Chinese people’s food. Foods are associated with harmony, correlation to longevity, and are related to everyday life as a taboo. For example, matching foods, what foods are in season, and what should not be eaten. These certain taboos are often passed down in experience from generation to generation and some are from modern science theories. In brief, the issue related to eating is not simple.
    Vocab:
    哲学 zhe2 xue2 philosophy
    讲究 jiang3 jie1 pay attention to
    反映 fan3 ying4 mirrors
    共生 gong4 sheng1 correlation
    日常 ri4 chang2 everyday life
    禁忌 jin4 ji4 taboo-what not to do
    搭配 da1 pei4 to pair up
    时令 shi2 ling4 in season
    忌口 ji4 kou3 avoid certain foods
    世代相传 shi4 dai4 xiang1 chuan2 from generation to generation
    经验 jing1 yan4 experience
    总结 zong3 jie2 to conclude
    理论 li3 lun4 theory
    1. 我们的中文老师很讲究学生的会话能力,所以我们有许多的发言的报告。
    2. 她作为一个完美的学生反映在她的功课方面,她的功课总是写的好和完整的。
    3. 我在高中的时候,我做很多课外的活动,比如游泳,乐队,合唱以及辩论队。我每天很忙!
    4. 我们的大学的学生有多样性,有的是从美国,有的是从以外的国家。
    5. 在中国,很多学生一考好的成绩也有很多压力所以找别的学生当枪手替他们考试。总之,学校应该减轻压力和取消考试!

  3. 中國人的哲學傳統講究“天人合一”,這種文化理反映在飲食方面,就是食者與食物的和諧相處、共生共長,於是在中國人的日常飲食中就有了許多禁忌,比如食物的搭配、時令或日常飲食禁忌以及發物和忌口等問題。這些禁忌有的是世代相傳的經驗之談,有的是現代人總結出來的科學理論。總之,吃的問題還真不那麼簡單。

    Chinese people’s traditional philosophy pays particular attention to the theory that man is an integral part of nature. This type of culture is reflected in foods as human and food interact harmoniously while living and growing together. Consequently, a lot of restrictions were developed in the Chinese diet, which includes eating the types of foods that pair well with one another. Other restrictions include consuming different foods depending on the season, and the belief to avoid certain foods to better ones health. Some of these restrictions are passed down from generation to generation based on experience, and modern people conclude others scientifically. In any rate, the problem of eating is still not that simple.

    哲學 (zhe2xue2) – philosophy
    講究 (jiang3jiu4) – to pay particular attention to
    天人合一 (tian1ren2he2yi1) – the theory that man is an integral part of nature
    反映 (fan3ying4) – to mirror, reflect
    和諧 (he2xie2) – harmonious
    禁忌 (jin4ji4) – taboo, restriction
    搭配 (da1pei2) – fittingness
    忌口 (ji4kou3) – to abstain from certin foods
    世代相傳 (shi4dai4xiang1chuan2) – passed on from generation to generation
    總結 (zong3jie2) – to sum up
    理論 (li3lun4) – theory

  4. “中国人的哲学传统讲究“天人合一”,这种文化理反映在饮食方面,就是食者与食物的和谐相处、共生共长,于是在中国人的日常饮食中就有了许多禁忌,比如食物的搭配、时令或日常饮食禁忌以及发物和忌口等问题。这些禁忌有的是世代相传的经验之谈,有的是现代人总结出来的科学理论。总之,吃的问题还真不那么简单

    Traditional Chinese philosophy pays particular attention to “the oneness of heaven and humanity,” or the ideal that humans are an integral part of nature. This kind of cultural attention is reflected in food and drink, just as someone who eats and the food they eat interact harmoniously, forever symbionts. As such, in the daily life of Chinese people there are many taboos within food and drink, for example: the pairing of food with other dishes, seasonal or daily taboos, even gifted and dietary food restrictions. Some of these taboos have been passed down from the experiences of one generation to the next, some have been established by modern scientific theory. In short, the question of what to eat is still definitely not that simple.

    生词:
    哲学zhéxué philosophy
    讲究jiǎngjiu to pay particular attention to; exquisite; aesthetic
    天人合一tiānrénhéyī oneness of heaven and man; the theory that man is an integral part of nature
    反映fǎnyìng to mirror, to reflect
    方面fāngmiàn respect, field, side, aspect
    和谐héxié harmonious, harmony
    相处xiāngchǔ to be in contact with; to associate with; to have dealings
    共生gòngshēng symbiosis
    日常rìcháng daily; everyday
    禁忌jìnjì taboo; to abstain from
    搭配dāpèi to pair up; to match up
    发物fāwù gift sending
    忌口jìkǒu to abstain from certain foods (as when ill); avoid certain foods; be on a diet
    世代相传shìdàixiāngchuán to pass down from one generation to the next
    总结zǒngjié to sum up; to conclude; summary
    科学kēxué science
    理论lǐlùn theory
    总之zǒngzhī in a word; in short; in brief

  5. The culture of the traditional Chinese philosophical mindset of “Unity of Heaven and Man” is reflected in the food culture. The food one eats must be harmonious; they must coexist and grow together. Therefore within Chinese food culture, there are many taboos. For example, the arrangement of food, seasonal or daily food restrictions as well as the problem of rejecting and abstaining from certain foods classes. Some of these taboos come from generation after generation of experiences, some of them emerged from modern man’s scientific theories. In short, the problem of eating is still not a simple one.

  6. Alex, Monica and Ada

    中國人吃飯講究食物搭配,吃餃子要配醋,煎餅卷大蔥要蘸醬,吃油條喝豆漿,吃面條離不開“菜碼兒”。一桌家常菜,必定有葷有素,這叫葷素搭配、陰陽平衡。

    Chinese people’s meals pay particular attention to pairings such as dumplings with vinegar, pan-fried onion pancake with dipping sauce, fried breadstick with soy milk, and noodles with vegetable garnishes. A home-cooked meal must have a good pairings of meat and vegetable dishes in order to balance the yin and yang.

  7. 在中国思想史上,”天人合一”是一个基本的信念。季羡林先生对其解释为:天,就是大自然;人,就是人类;

    天人合一合,就是互相理解,结成友谊。西方人总是企图以高度发展的科学技术征服自然掠夺自然,而东方先哲却告诫我们,人类只是天地万物中的一个部分,人与自然是息息相通的一体。”天人合一”的思想无处不在,甚至在中国特有的茶文化中,由盖、碗、托三件套组成的茶盏就分别代表了天、人、地的和谐统一、缺一不可。
    。《周易大传》主张”裁成天地之道,辅相天地之宜”、”范围天地之化而不过,曲成万物而不遗”,是一种全面的观点,既要改革自然,也要顺应自然;应调整自然使其符合人类的愿望,既不屈服于自然,也不破坏自然;以天人相互协调为理想。应该肯定,这种学说确实有很高的价值。

  8. 2nd and 3rd paragraph project 1 rough draft

    中国人过春节的时候,人们吃鱼,饺子, 和年糕。鱼的字听起来像“丰富”或“盈余”所以中国人喜欢吃鱼。服务鱼会给被人一个繁荣的新年。一个整体的鱼也很重要因为它象征一个家庭都在一起。饺子是肉抱在皮里面,形状看起来像一个金元宝。在春节的时候,中国人喜欢吃饺子因为它被认为是带来繁荣。年糕也是一种食物在新年吃,因为它有特殊的意思。年糕是一个棘手的,掘金的整蛋糕用蜜粉做的。“年糕” 听起来像“高年” 的意思,所以吃年糕也会带来好的运气。这些食物表明中国人很价值事物的象征。不同的食物是很重要的,可以带好运!
    粽子是以种米饭包在竹叶里。这个传统食品有一个很好的北京的故事。中国人吃粽子在端午节的时候。这节日是纪念屈原的死亡。以前,屈原是一个中国诗人在战国时代。屈原试图警告皇帝秦国想扩大,可是没有用。屈原太难过所以自己淹死在汨罗江里。人们把粽子扔在水里让鱼吃粽子,不要吃屈原的圣体。中国人还是参加和庆祝端午节,吃粽子,也有龙舟赛来吓跑鱼和龙怪物。

  9. 5.3 此外,羊肉与黄米、猪肉与谷子、鸟禽与面食,也都适合搭配。与此相对,有一些性味不合的食物,如果搭配起来,就会惹麻烦,损害健康。

    Furthermore, lamb and glutinous millet, pork and millet, poultry and foods made from wheat, are also suitable matches. In contrast, there are some matches that are unnatural(?). If you match them, they may cause trouble or damage to your health.

  10. Lev and Yvonne

    5.4 民间至今认为,冬春两季吃韭菜可以“暖腰膝”,而夏天食之则“令人目昏”;还有辣椒,江西人喜欢夏天吃新鲜辣椒,冬天吃干辣椒,到了秋天一般就什么辣椒也不吃了。

    Thus far, among the common people it is believed that eating garlic and chives during winter and spring can make one warm while during the summer it can muddle one’s sight. Furthermore, regarding chili peppers, the people of Jiangxi like to eat fresh peppers during the summer and dry ones during the winter. Once it has become autumn, typically people do not eat any kind of peppers.

  11. posted by 司徒传文 (Travis Stull)
    (Fri 2/17/2012 9:14 AM)
    The Chinese Philosophy on the Traditional Aesthetic of Oneness with Heaven and Humanity
    This kind of culture reflects a certain aspect of food culture; specifically it looks at eating, and food’s harmonious association, common body and length, so that in the Chinese daily diet there are many things to abstain from. For example food is often arranged into groups and there can be seasonal daily diet taboos to avoid future problems. These Taboos in some cases are passed down from one generation to the next though experience; there are plenty of modern people who make a science out of this. Clearly the problem of eating is not that simple at all.

    讲究 – jiang3jiu – Aesthetic
    天人合一 – tian1ren2he2yi1 – Oneness of Heaven and Humanity
    反映 – fan3ying4 – to mirror/ to reflect
    和谐 – he 2xie2- harmonious / harmony
    相处 – xiang1chu1- to be in contact with/ to associate with
    禁忌 –jin4ji4- taboo / to abstain from
    忌口 – ji4kou1 abstain from certain food/ avoid certain foods/ be on a diet
    世代相传 –shi4dai4xiang1chuan2 – passed on from generation to generation (set phrase / idiom)
    In Class work:
    5.4 民间至今认为,冬春两季吃韭菜可以“暖腰膝”,而夏天食之则“令人目昏”;还有辣椒,江西人喜欢夏天吃新鲜辣椒,冬天吃干辣椒,到了秋天一般就什么辣椒也不吃了。
    The general populace today believes that during both Spring and Winter one should eat cooler foods with garlic chives and a “warm ___,” as opposed to Summer food where one should eat “food that makes your head warm”: like peppers. People in Jiangxi like to eat fresh peppers in the Summer and dried peppers in the winter, however Fall is the one time when they generally do not eat peppers.
    民间 – min2jian1 – General populace
    韭菜 – jiu3cai4- Chinese cloves / garlic cloves
    辣椒 – la4jiao1 – Hot peppers / chili peppers

  12. 耀桐和元博

    Moreover, special attention must be paid to the pairing of foods. For instance, beef and rice can be paired together. The beef is sweet and balanced, and the rice is bitter and warm. Together, the sweet and bitter make for an excellent pairing of foods.

  13. Amanda, Emily and Travis D.

    5.5   比如,螃蟹和柿子、芥菜和兔肉不能共食,等等,这些都属于食物搭配的禁忌。

    For example, crab and persimmon and mustard and rabbit meat cannot be eaten together, etc. These are all classified as food pairing taboos.

  14. belinda, phillip

    Many people have such experience, after a banquet, not only do you not feel carefree, you also feel uncomfortable, even ill. This might be because of overeating or eating too complicated, or because of eating a combination of food that creates food poisoning.

    5.6.很多人有这样的经历,吃过酒宴后,不仅不感到畅快,相反还会莫名其妙地难受,甚至病倒。这大概是因为吃得太多太杂,或是因吃了性味相左的食物。

  15. 此外,羊肉与黄米、猪肉与谷子、鸟禽与面食,也都适合搭配。与此相对,有一些性味不合的食物,如果搭配起来,就会惹麻烦,损害健康。

    In addition, lamb and glutinous millet, pork and millet, poultry and wheat foods, all of these are suitable pairs. On the other hand, there are some foods that don’t go together and if you put some certain foods together it may cause difficulty or harm to your health.

  16. Monica and Ada

    中國人吃飯講究食物搭配,吃餃子要配醋,煎餅卷大蔥要蘸醬,吃油條喝豆漿,吃面條離不開“菜碼兒”。一桌家常菜,必定有葷有素,這叫葷素搭配、陰陽平衡。

    Edit: Chinese people’s meals pay particular attention to pairings such as dumplings with vinegar, pan-fried rolled bun with onion in the middle and dipping sauce, fried breadstick with soy milk, and noodles with vegetable garnishes. A home-cooked meal must have meat and vegetable dishes in order to balance the yin and yang.

  17. 耀桐和元博

    CORRECTION:

    Moreover, special attention must be paid to the pairing of staple foods and side dishes. For instance, beef and rice can be paired together. The beef is sweet and balanced, and the rice is bitter and warm. Together, the sweet and bitter make for an excellent pairing of foods.

  18. Traditional Chinese philosophy pays particular attention to the idea of the “oneness of heaven and humanity.” This kind of culture reflects respect for diet, eating harmonious food associated with symbiosis and longevity; consequently, Chinese people’s daily diet has many taboos, such as food pairings, season or everyday diet abstentions, as well as developing thoughts and avoiding certain food problems. These taboos have plenty of background passed down from generation to generation orally and modern man has developed scientific theories. In brief, the topic of eating is not that simple.

    生词:
    哲学 zhéxué n. philosophy
    讲究 jiǎngjiu adj. exquisite; n. aesthetic; v. to pay particular attention to
    天人合一 tiānrénhéyī fig. “Oneness of heaven and humanity” or the idea that “man is an integral part of nature”
    反映 fǎnyìng v. to mirror, reflect
    和谐 héxié adj. harmonious; n. harmony
    共生 gòngshēng n. symbiosis
    禁忌 jìnjì n. taboo
    搭配 dāpèi v. to pair up, match, arrange in pairs
    时令 jìkǒu v. to abstain from certain foods, avoid certain foods, be on a diet
    世代相传 shìdàixiāngchuán fig. passed on from generation to generation, handed down
    现代人 xiàndàirén n. modern man, Homo sapiens
    科学 kēxué adj. scientific; n. science, scientific knowledge
    理论 lǐlùn n. theory
    总之 zǒngzhī fig. in a word, in short, in brief
    简单 jiǎndān adj. simple, not complicated

    一) 美国人的政治传统讲究自由,这种文化理反映在政府方面。
    二) 西方文化有了许多禁忌,比如不要问一个女人她的年龄,等等。
    三) 常常时令的食物比不时令的便宜。
    四) 在过去历史是口为世代相传的传统。
    五) 现代人知道很多现代人,营养为身体健康。
    六) 总之,很多问题常常不太简单。

  19. (3/31 老師檢查 REVISED COPY)

    食物在很多文化中都是一个很重要的观念。中国人有很多的习惯是从飲食文化来的。一个文化跟食物很有关。什么不同的文化都有特别的食物文化。 比(not放 should be 方)说中国菜名跟美国的菜名有很不一样的意思。 在中国文化中,一个菜名常常很有意思。中国菜名还可以表示菜的历史,可是美国菜名只表示菜有什么原料。你只要看到美国饭店名(add字),你(add就)知道那个饭店有什么菜。
    一个菜名不但说明那个菜肴怎么做,也说明那个菜肴有什么主料。中国饭店业主用不同的菜肴和茶名来吸引他们的客户。
    观念:Guānniàn: concept
    习惯:Xíguàn: habit
    有关:Yǒuguān: Related
    表示:Biǎoshì: Express

    原料:Yuánliào: Raw material

    菜肴: Càiyáo: Meat and vegetable dishes

    主料:Zhǔ liào: ingredients

    吸引:Xīyǐn: Attract

    1)美国的宪法历史悠久。
    2)吸烟和不好的身体密切相关。
    3)我功课的指令直截了当。
    4)他的微笑表示心满意足。
    5)如果有(not 意 shoul be 一)个人很高,别人一目了然。
    6)医生的工作严格按照医生的规则。

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